Chlorine: This toxic gas is added to almost all US tap water to kill germs. However, it’s not safe to drink! Chlorine disinfection creates byproducts linked to cancer. [1] The gas can also build up in your shower or bath, potentially causing breathing problems and eye irritation. Inhaling chlorine gas can lead to severe respiratory issues, and in high concentrations, it can be fatal. [7]

• [1] Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and Chlorinated Dibenzofurans (CDFs) – Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): This comprehensive profile by ATSDR details the health effects of dioxins and furans, byproducts of chlorination, including their carcinogenic potential.
• [7] Chlorine – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): This NIOSH page provides information on the health effects of chlorine exposure, including acute and chronic effects.

Fluoride: While added to many US water supplies, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now says fluoride levels are too high. [2] This has led to a widespread problem of dental fluorosis, a condition that causes spots on teeth, especially in teens. [3]

• [2] Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards – National Academies Press: This report reviews the EPA’s standards for fluoride in drinking water and discusses potential health effects, including dental fluorosis.
• [3] Prevalence and Severity of Dental Fluorosis in the United States, 1999-2004 – National Institutes of Health (NIH): This study examines the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the US and highlights the link between excessive fluoride exposure and the condition.

Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Copper: These metals have been linked to cancer in high amounts. [4] New studies suggest that even low levels, like those allowed in drinking water, may increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. [5]

• [4] Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Sweat: A Systematic Review – National Institutes of Health (NIH): This review examines the presence of heavy metals in sweat and their potential health implications, including cancer risk.
• [5] Heavy Metals in Drinking Water and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – Environmental Health Perspectives: This meta-analysis investigates the association between heavy metal exposure through drinking water and the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Teflon Chemicals (PFAS): Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals used in many products, including non-stick cookware. These “forever chemicals” don’t break down in the environment and can contaminate drinking water. Exposure to PFAS has been linked to various health issues, including immune deficiency, liver cancer, and thyroid abnormalities. [8]

• [8] Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS – Environmental Health Perspectives: This article provides an overview of the known health and environmental risks associated with PFAS exposure.

Forever Chemicals (More on PFAS): PFAS persist in the environment and the human body for long periods, hence the name “forever chemicals.” They can leach into drinking water from various sources, including industrial waste and firefighting foam. [9] These chemicals are a growing concern due to their widespread presence and potential health effects.

• [9] Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Environmental Sources and Health Effects – National Institutes of Health (NIH): This study explores the various environmental sources of PFAS exposure and their potential impact on human health.

Other Concerns: Other pollutants like mercury and bacteria can also be found in tap water, sometimes at unsafe levels. These can lead to various health issues. [6]

• [6] Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – PLOS ONE: This study analyzes the health risks associated with microbial contamination in drinking water, including bacterial contamination.

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